023-86669155
023-86669155
李志義1,2，馬學(xué)文3，李曉澎1,2
（1.重慶義揚(yáng)機(jī)電設(shè)備有限公司,重慶 400042; 2.重慶長(zhǎng)江工業(yè)爐公司, 重慶 401329; 3.株州齒輪公司,湖南 株州 400029)
前言：當(dāng)我們?nèi)ビ嘘P(guān)兄弟工廠和學(xué)術(shù)交流的時(shí)候，不少同志詢問(wèn)我們關(guān)于氣體滲碳淬火件中的氫脆問(wèn)題，由于在重慶296廠主持兵器用結(jié)構(gòu)鋼在表面處理過(guò)程中氫脆和應(yīng)力腐蝕斷裂的研究 該項(xiàng)目由重慶296廠李志義、姜相榮、袁紀(jì)良，包頭52所王來(lái)生、王明美、厲小東等高工、清華大學(xué)顧家琳教授、中科院沈陽(yáng)金屬研究所王毓麟研究員和杜金山高工共同完成，首創(chuàng)145℃高溫濃堿介質(zhì)中懸臂彎曲試驗(yàn)，系統(tǒng)地測(cè)試了十種鋼在不同表面處理方法及不同工藝規(guī)范下材料的缺口強(qiáng)度和應(yīng)力腐蝕門檻應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度因子，同時(shí)測(cè)定上述鋼的氫行為，包括吸氫量、氫擴(kuò)散系數(shù)、氫逸出規(guī)律、電化學(xué)特性、檢測(cè)氫與某些元素的交互作用，宏觀和微觀斷口分析等），經(jīng)7312個(gè)試樣8年研究獲部級(jí)二等獎(jiǎng)，該項(xiàng)技術(shù)屬國(guó)內(nèi)首例，對(duì)于機(jī)械行業(yè)產(chǎn)品失效分析具有重要的指導(dǎo)作用。對(duì)有關(guān)滲碳淬火件的氫脆總是也只有一覽而已……。如今退休16年了，也沒(méi)有精力并綜述并深入研究。為此將我們的研究體會(huì)交流給大家，望大家能有收獲。
摘要：闡述了氫塑、氫脆現(xiàn)象，特別是氣體滲碳件的氫脆、硫脆、汞脆問(wèn)題。氣體滲碳件中的進(jìn)氫量與滲碳工藝和合金元素種類及含量等因素有關(guān)。提出了有關(guān)氫脆和白點(diǎn)的一些新觀念。指出，氣氛中高含硫量（包括有機(jī)硫和無(wú)機(jī)硫）也是造成滲碳件氫脆的主要原因之一。此外，還論述了氫陷阱及降低氣體滲碳淬火件氫脆的某些要點(diǎn)。
關(guān)鍵詞：氣體滲碳；氫脆；氫塑；硫脆、汞脆；氫陷阱
Research of Hydrogen Brittleness in Gas Carburizing & Quenching Pieces
Li Zhiyi1,2, Ma Xuewen3, Li Xiaopeng1,2
(1. Chongqing Yiyang Electromechanical Equipment co., ltd Chongqing 400042；
2. Chongqing Yangtze Industrial Furnace Company Chongqing 401329；
3. Zhuzhou Gear Company Hunan Zhuzhou 400029)
Introduction：So many people asked us some questions about the Hydrogen brittleness in gas carburizing-quenching pieces when we visited other relative factories or made academic exchanges, because we have made deep research in Hydrogen brittleness and stress corrosion fracture in structural steel for weapons with surface treatment. The research was completed by the senior engineers of Li Zhiyi, Jiang Xiangrong, Yuan Jiliang, working in Chongqing 296 factory, and Wang laisheng, Wang Mingmei, Li Xiaodong, working in 52 research institute in Paotou, and Pro. Gu Jialin in Tsinghua University, and research fellow Wang Yulin, Du jinshan in Academia Sinic Shenyang Institute of Metal Research. Cantilever bending test was succeeded firstly in high temperature concentrated alkali medium at 145℃. And the notch strength and stress corrosion critical stress intensity factor were tested systematically in 10 types of steels which were different in ways and process specifications of surface treatment. The behaviors of hydrogen (including capacity of hydrogen absorption, diffusion coefficient of hydrogen, escape regularity of hydrogen, electrochemical character, test of interaction between hydrogen and some other element, and macro- and micro-fracture analysis ) in the steels were tested simultaneously. This technology, which has been obtained the second prize of ministry-level, and also which is the first one in China, was worked over 8 years and researched through 7,312 samples. It is placed an important role on failure analysis of product in mechanical industries. The researches of the hydrogen brittleness in carburizing & quenching pieces are always so few……. Now I have been retired for 13 years, and I am too tired to research deeply. So we just give you some experiences of our research, I hope that it will be helpful to you.
Abstract: The plastic hydrogen, hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon, especially in gas carburizing parts hydrogen embrittlement problems. Gas carburizing conditions in the amount of hydrogen into the carburizing process and with the type and content of alloying elements and other factors. Proposed hydrogen embrittlement and white flake on some new ideas. That the atmosphere in the high sulfur content (including organic sulfur and inorganic sulfur) also contributed to the carburizing one of the main pieces of hydrogen embrittlement. In addition, discusses the pitfalls and reduce the hydrogen gas carburized parts hydrogen embrittlement of certain points.
Key word: gas carburizing; hydrogen embrittlement; hydrogen plastic; Brittle sulfur, mercury brittle;hydrogen trap
1． 氫進(jìn)入金屬中二大性能：氫脆性和氫塑性
即氫脆和氫塑，在一定條件下，氫進(jìn)入金屬中使塑性增加稱氫塑，反之為氫脆。
低溫氫塑是蘇聯(lián)人65年發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們?cè)谘芯恳簹涫褂糜诳臻g運(yùn)載火箭燃料和原子能核裂變冷卻液的前期工程中研究在-200℃以下時(shí)，載氫體金屬材料出現(xiàn)氫塑現(xiàn)象。
高溫氫塑于70年美國(guó)人研究Ti合金時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)并發(fā)表在雜志上。實(shí)際上蘇聯(lián)人早幾年前研究Ti合金用于超音速3倍以上的飛機(jī)上，已用于實(shí)踐，只因軍事秘密沒(méi)有對(duì)外公布而已……。
在常溫下金屬中的氫只表現(xiàn)為氫脆現(xiàn)象。
2．氣體滲碳淬火件在目前條件，在氣體滲碳中還沒(méi)有不滲氫的滲碳方法……。因此滲碳過(guò)程中必然伴隨有滲氫的過(guò)程……。
2.1在高溫氣體滲碳中伴隨有滲氫的過(guò)程，進(jìn)氫量與工藝有關(guān)。
一般講：周圍環(huán)境氫含量越高，越易進(jìn)氫，這就解釋了為什么同一型號(hào)鋼種同一有效硬化層深條件下在吸熱式氣氛中通氨的C-N共滲比不通氨的單一滲碳、滲氫量高。同樣供碳量下，氫量越多，滲氫量越多，例如：CH4與C3H8兩種氣源在同樣含水、含硫、含汞條件下比較。當(dāng)然天然氣滲氫量相對(duì)多一些。時(shí)間越長(zhǎng)進(jìn)氫量越多。
2.2進(jìn)氫量與化學(xué)成份的關(guān)系詳見(jiàn)[1]
2.2.1增加氫脆敏感性的元素：硼、磷、硫、鋁、鎳
2.2.2減少氫脆敏感性的元素：鈰和其它稀土元素
(1)他們的吸氫作用，防止了白點(diǎn)的形成
(2)添加鑭能凈化其它的普通殘質(zhì)，La2O2S,La2Sn,LaP。使晶界凈化，使回火脆性的雜質(zhì)不易向晶間偏聚形成穩(wěn)定的氫陷阱或穩(wěn)定的氫化物，使氫不易向應(yīng)力方向遷移和擴(kuò)散，減少在應(yīng)力作用下的氫的偏聚能力，而降低了氫脆性。
(3)促進(jìn)回火脆性的雜質(zhì)元素均是促進(jìn)氫脆的元素。
2.2.3結(jié)構(gòu)硼鋼(國(guó)軍標(biāo)GJB2720-1996)經(jīng)我們生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐和實(shí)際生產(chǎn)試樣的研究[6、7]，確實(shí)氫脆敏感性增加，當(dāng)我們委托復(fù)旦大學(xué)采用法國(guó)CAMECE公司制造的“IMS3F型離子探針”，測(cè)試發(fā)現(xiàn)H與B是相互排斥的，見(jiàn)圖1、2、3，而在陽(yáng)線上編號(hào)870926007、870926006、870926005反映不明顯。但從圖1、圖2、圖3可見(jiàn)B在鋼中的分布是不均勻的，明顯地顯示出波峰和波谷。即不存在因硼氫化物的形成而增加了硼鋼的氫脆性。這對(duì)硼鋼的氫脆機(jī)理有待新的考證……。同時(shí)也驗(yàn)證氫與鐵、氫與鉻之間不形成化合物。同時(shí)也看出，鍍硬鉻層氫含量低。
50BA鋼中氫與某些元素的交互作用：圖1、圖2、圖3
Hydrogen in 50BA steel with certain elements of the interaction: Figure 1, figure 2, figure 3
注：試樣是采用自動(dòng)步槍、槍管（50BA材料）：鍍硬鉻、超深冷-196℃、密封空運(yùn)至上海復(fù)旦大學(xué)曹永明教授檢測(cè)，詳見(jiàn)重慶義揚(yáng)機(jī)電設(shè)備有限公司網(wǎng)站：氫與某些元素的交互作用。
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